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Virginius Affair
The ''Virginius'' Affair (sometimes called the ''Virginius'' Incident) was a diplomatic dispute that occurred from October 1873 to February 1875 between the United States, Great Britain and Spain, then in control of Cuba, during the Ten Years' War. The ''Virginius'' was a fast American ship hired by Cuban insurrectionists to land men and munitions in Cuba to attack Spain. It was captured by Spain, which wanted to try and execute the men on board as pirates; they were American and British citizens. They did execute 53 men but stopped when Britain demanded it. Throughout the ordeal there was loose talk that the U.S. might declare war on Spain. During the lengthy negotiations the Spanish government had undergone several changes in leadership. American consul Caleb Cushing ended the episode by negotiating $80,000 in reparations to be paid to American families of those who were executed. British families were compensated by the Spanish government through negotiation prior to American compensation. The incident was remarkable for the use of international diplomacy for peace implemented by Grant's Secretary of State Hamilton Fish, rather than degenerating into a costly war between the United States and Spain. The Virginius Affair started a U.S. Naval resurgence following the American Civil War; the American fleet having been vulnerable to the superior warships of Spain.
==Ten Years' War==
After the American Civil War, the island country of Cuba under Spanish rule was one of only a few Western Hemisphere countries where the institution of slavery remained legal and was widely practiced.〔Bradford, pp. 6-7〕 On October 10, 1868 a revolution broke out, known as the Ten Years' War, by Cuban landowners led by Carlos Manual Céspedes.〔Bradford, pp. 7-8〕 The Spanish, led initially by Francisco Lersundi, used the military to suppress the rebellion.〔Bradford, p. 8〕 In 1870, Secretary of State Hamilton Fish persuaded President Grant not to recognize Cuban belligerency and the United States maintained an unstable peace with Spain.〔Bradford, pp. 5, 14〕 As the Cuban war continued, international patriotic insurgency began to arise in support of the Cuban rebellion, and war bonds were sold in the U.S. to support the Cuban resistance.〔Bradford, p. 12〕 One of the U.S. Cuban patriots was John F. Patterson who bought a former Confederate steamer ''Virgin'' at the Washington Navy Yard, renaming her ''Virginius''.〔Bradford, p. 16〕 The legality of Patterson's purchase of the ''Virginius'' would later come to national and international attention.〔Bradford, pp. 100-101〕 The Cuban rebellion finally ended in an 1878 armistice after Spanish general Arsenio Martínez-Campos pardoned all Cuban rebels.〔Bradford, pp. 136-137〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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